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The 'Most Famous Wolf in the World' Lived Hard—and Died Tragically
以下全文摘自国家地理频道网址

The alpha female dominated the wolves of Yellowstone. But outside the national park, she was vulnerable.


A young gray wolf stalks through the snow. Wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1990s.
PHOTOGRAPH BY BARRETT HEDGES, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE
By Simon Worrall
PUBLISHED NOVEMBER 11, 2017

In 2012, “the most famous wolf in the world” was shot by a trophy hunter outside the sanctuary of Yellowstone National Park. She was known as ’06, and her death caused an international outcry comparable to the killing of Cecil the Lion in 2015. It also led to a new awareness of the plight of wolves and demands for greater protection, as Nate Blakeslee explains in his new book American Wolf. [Find out why wolves are so polarizing.]

Speaking from his home in Austin, Texas, Blakeslee explains how the reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone sparked a renaissance of other species, from bald eagles to beavers; why the fight over wolves is part of a larger struggle about who should control public land; and why the hunter who killed ’06 feels no remorse. [See photos of wolves taken by a “carcass cam.”]




COURTESY OF PENGUIN RANDOM HOUSE
The central character in your book is ’06 (called 832F by researchers). Give us a portrait of this amazing creature.

’06 was the alpha female of one of the most visible packs in Yellowstone National Park. She first came to the wolf watchers’ attention in 2009, when she was a lone wolf. Wolves have to leave their natal packs to make their way in the world, find a mate, and establish a territory.

She had been wandering for quite some time when she was spotted in the area of the park known as the Lamar Valley, Yellowstone’s wolf-watching mecca. They spotted her mating with a number of different males, but never settling down. She drew their attention as a wolf that had a lot of moxie and was very adventurous.

It’s dangerous for wolves to wander like that, trying to find a territory. Most of them end up going back to their natal pack or being killed by rival packs. But she had a knack for avoiding trouble and was very socially adept and skilled at navigating territorial rivalries.

Every time a wolf chases an elk it risks its life, because they are frequently gored or kicked. It usually takes an entire pack to bring down an elk.

But ’06 developed a knack for taking them down by herself. She was unusually large for a female, about 100 pounds, and unusually powerful. She also had very attractive coloration, with a sort of owl-like mask across her eyes, which also made her stand out.

At the time that wolves were brought back to the Northern Rockies it was an extremely controversial decision. Ranching is big business. The ranchers’ ancestors were the ones who hunted out the wolves in the first place and they didn’t want to see them come back.

Guided elk hunts are also big business in the northern Rockies. The area east of Yellowstone known as Crandall is considered one of the best elk hunting spots in the world, with 8-9 guide services. People come from all over the country and guides can charge thousands of dollars per hunt. They knew that when the wolves came back there would be fewer elk and their livelihood could be threatened.

On the other side, you have wolf advocates, environmentalists, and biologists. They knew Yellowstone was badly out of balance, with far too many elk and prey animals because all the predators had been hunted out 70-80 years ago. They wanted to restore this ecosystem to the balance it had before Europeans came and hunted wolves.

After wolves were reintroduced, a new constituency of eco-tourists and wolf watchers also arose. Guide services leading people to watch elks and wolves sprang up and became a business in their own right. The battle between these two rival constituencies was coming to a head exactly when ’06 was rising to prominence.

Picture of a group of elk
VIEW IMAGES
When wolves returned to Yellowstone, they reduced the elk population. Streamside vegetation revived, beavers returned, and fish flourished.
PHOTOGRAPH BY RONAN DONOVAN, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE
“Trophic cascade” is the term used for the effects of an apex predator, like a wolf, on the landscape. Explain what that means—and describe how the reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone led flora and fauna to flourish.

When they brought wolves back, it quickly changed and improved the landscape in ways that even the biologists didn’t anticipate. First and foremost, Yellowstone had way more elk than it could reasonably accommodate. Wolves brought that number back down to what it historically had been prior to Europeans arriving in Yellowstone.

They also began to see other species flourishing. The elk were no longer able to gather in the valleys in huge numbers and browse at their leisure; they had to be much warier and spend more time at higher elevations.

One of the effects was that streamside vegetation began to rebound. Aspen and willow returned, which in turn encouraged beavers to return to the park, as willow is their main food source. Beavers change the profile of a river, making it deeper by creating dams and pools, which in turn is healthier for fish.

Wolves also reduced Yellowstone’s coyote population, which was the densest in North America. Because of this, the rodent population had been kept artificially low. Once the wolves started to kill off some of the coyote population—not to eat them but to defend their own territories—there was a huge rebound in the rodent population.

As a result of that, other animals that eat rodents also rebounded, like large birds of prey, raptors, foxes, and badgers. The renaissance of all these species was a direct result of restoring the top predator.

Picture of wolves in Yellowstone National Park
VIEW IMAGES
A wolf pack prowls Pelican Valley in Yellowstone Natonal Park.
PHOTOGRAPH BY RONAN DONOVAN, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE
You write, “wolves were just the latest flashpoint in a fight that had been simmering in the West for decades. The real struggle was over public land.” Give us some background—and explain how Trump’s election may affect the situation.

Vast stretches of the American West are owned by the federal government. This means that policies are made in Washington, not in the state capitol of, say, Idaho, Wyoming, or Montana, the states that surround Yellowstone. This has led to resentment over the years, especially as the environmental movement became more popular and Washington became more responsive to it.

Some of the traditional uses of land in the West, like logging, mining, hunting, and cattle ranching, represent very powerful interests, so the defining political struggle of the last generation became who should set policy and what ends public lands should be used for. It became known as the Sagebrush Rebellion, with Western legislators rising up against what they saw as over-reaching bureaucrats in Washington.

It may be too soon to tell what effect Trump’s election will have. Western senators and congressmen have always been very powerful in Congress and have been able to get their way. Many opposed wolf reintroduction. They didn’t win that one but they got important concessions when wolf reintroduction was imposed.

There is certainly concern about Trump’s secretary of the interior, Ryan Zinke, who has aligned himself with the extractive industries that have dominated politics in the West. He has also caused controversy by saying he’s going to reassess recent allocations of public land, for things like national monuments.

’06 was eventually killed by a hunter outside the perimeter of Yellowstone. You ended up tracking down the man who shot her. Did he tell you why he did it—and whether he felt any remorse?

It’s against the law in Wyoming for a government official to reveal the name of a person who’s shot a wolf, or the location where that wolf was shot, in order to protect that person’s privacy because it’s a controversial thing. His name had never appeared in any of the newspaper accounts of ’06’s death but I was able to locate him in Crandall, Wyoming.

It’s a very small community up there, everybody knows everybody, and to my surprise he was willing to give me an interview. I knew readers would want to know what kind of person would shoot an animal like this, and why.

At his request, I refer to him in the book as Steven Turnbull (not his real name). He’s a middle-aged hunting aficionado, who spends as much time fixated on elk as the wolf watchers in the park on wolves. He’s built his life around hunting. I compare him to a ski bum but with a rifle and a bow and arrow instead of skis or a snowboard. [Laughs]

He and many other people in Crandall felt that bringing wolves back was a mistake because it resulted in a drastic decline in the number of elk immediately adjacent to Yellowstone. The reason Crandall has always been so popular is because that’s where Yellowstone’s elk come in the winter when it gets too cold and snowy to live in Yellowstone. That makes it easy to get a trophy elk. But after reintroduction it became much harder.

Turnbull didn’t know he was shooting the world’s most famous wild animal or that it was a collared Yellowstone wolf. In winter, from a distance, it’s difficult to see the collars because the wolves' coats are so thick.

But he was excited to shoot a wolf in that first legal hunting season in Wyoming. He considered it to be the pinnacle of his career as a trophy hunter to be able to shoot an animal that nobody had been able to legally shoot for a very long time. He also felt he was doing a service to his community. He said what he did was perfectly legal and he would do it again.

He’s not ideologically anti-wolf as many people in the area are and you would expect a hunter like him to be. He told me he thought they were fascinating creatures and had a place in the landscape. But he resented the lower number of elk. In our last interview, he told me that for the first time in his life he did not get a tag to shoot an elk. He was extremely resentful of that and one of the last things he said to me was, “I’m against wolves, I want to make sure that’s clear.”

What inspires you most about wolves? And what more can be done to protect them?

There have been many books written about the politics of how wolves ought to be managed. I wanted to write a book with a narrative through-line, which follows the life of this one wolf in novelistic detail. Part of the point of the book is that every wolf’s life is like this, not just this one wolf who became famous. Every wolf’s life is an adventure story.

As to protection, there are now hunting seasons in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, although wolf advocates have not given up on the idea that, through legal action, they might be able to return them to the endangered species list. Another front in the fight to protect wolves is in the upper Midwest around the western Great Lakes area where some state legislators would very much like to have a wolf-hunting season.

Wolves are beginning to spread out of their core area in the Northern Rockies into California, Oregon, Washington, and possibly even down into Colorado. So the next front in the fight is whether wolves will be protected in those areas or whether they’ll be taken off the endangered species list throughout the lower 48. That’s a battle that is going on right now in Congress.

This interview was edited for length and clarity.

Simon Worrall curates Book Talk. Follow him on Twitter or at simonworrallauthor.com.


找到小蛙体型上限的原型(?)

有些图我没贴,请至来源处观看。

怎么说呢,看完我的感觉是,就算本文作者为那个猎人说了很多好话,我还是认为他是个愚蠢的傢伙。
说他好像能理解生态位阶,但我看他也不过就是那种讨厌蛇也怕蛇,用"蛇是原生物种"安慰自己的假道学罢了,
逮到机会还是会打蛇的,这些人通常胆子比较大也很理直气壮,而且我一点都不欣赏他们。
与这些人相比,我宁可是那种怕蛇的人但不会伤害牠,会寻找其他可以处理的人将蛇弄走的人。

 


快把萌灿抱回家!
Don’t think, just do. For the heart is an organ of fire.

本帖最后由 大熊星座 于 2017-11-22 11:00 编辑
这只狼长得真好看!
怪不得会很出名!颜值即正义!WWWWWWWWWWW
被射杀了是有点可惜~~~

作者蛮白左的~
除了人肉到了猎人做了访谈,表面中立实际暗贬了一番外,还借机黑了一波川普!666~
不过我没get到你如何得出那番关于猎人与蛇的感慨?WWWWWWWWWW
展开讲讲?WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
本文给我的感觉是,那个猎人杀狼他有承认是出于狩猎者的私心啊WWWWWWWW
因为狼让他打不到鹿了,那么打狼也可以WWWWWWWWWWW
总的来说,就是个比较典型的redneck吧?WWWWWWWW
真是个悲剧WWWWWWWW
穿过县界长长的隧道便是雪国。

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感觉这件事跟怕不怕没关系啊,猎人也没有说狼是原生物种来安慰自己啊
相反的,他从老早就不爽黄石公园的狼被重引入了,所以趁现在狼的禁猎令消除了赶紧来一波WWWWWWWWWW
感觉美国蛮多这种类型的猎人呢,在遵纪守法的基础上,各有一些自己对动物的私心WWWWWWWW
不过因为总体上大家都遵纪守法,所以如果政策合理、管理起来也很有效果就是了

美国以前似乎也出过好几次类似的事,狼走出禁猎区(禁猎州)于是被杀死之类的,和塞西尔的情况很相似
那几次美国民间组织的做法也和塞西尔的情况差不多,比如联署把狼栖息地周围的几个州都加入禁猎州、或者直接让美国重新把狼加入全国禁猎名单之类
看到最后发现这个作者也提出了这两个未来的可能性,只好给予精神支持WWWWWWWWW
等一下,所以川普上台后把狼从全国保育名单剔除了?(???)

说到研究个体的赦免权……
项圈和动物毛色好相似的,确实不太容易识别啊,是不是可以考虑再加个耳标之类的?
以前看熊闯入小镇被运走就会加一个显眼靓丽的耳标以判断这家伙是不是惯犯,加个耳标又明显又好宣传,应该也不会太影响动物的生活
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不毛毛我的意思就是他本来就讨厌狼!
所以逮到机会就要报復!找各种法律边缘的机会行自己的私心!

我举的例子是没解释好,我想表达的是知道蛇是原生生物所以装成可以容忍的样子,但是逮到机会就会杀蛇的人跟这个猎人知道法律和国家公园管理区域所以装成守法的样子,但是逮到机会就要消灭所有的狼是一样的,这两种人都是一样的,也就是并没有真正被教育好,心裡还是对这些动物抱持反感,只是表面装成良民的样子,逮到机会就要消灭或者在规定(或教育方针)眼皮底下干坏事WWWWWWWWW

他们心裡既不认同狼是被保护的对象和生态稳定的高层,也不认同蛇是原生生物,只是装乖而已WWWWW

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灿你等一下!!!
野生动物保护的侧重点一直都是种群的保护啊!
个体保护那是濒危物种的待遇!狼被踢出保育名单也就是说它已经失去濒危物种的待遇了,只能享受狩猎季和狩猎区提供的种群保护待遇!
对于已经形成了一定规模的物种,适当的人为干扰并不会对整体的生态稳定性造成破坏,相反,有管理、适当的干扰还对群落有利,能够增加群落的物种多样性,让群落达到新的平衡,这就是生态学常用的“中度干扰假说”WWWWWWWWWW
等于人为干扰也成为有机的自然干扰的一部分,共同保障环境容纳量和可持续利用性
而介于保护资源的最终目的是合理利用资源,所以这也是很多自然资源开发管理所用的方式,比如说风景区的管理、采伐林的管理、狩猎季的管理、捕鱼季的管理,至于管得好不好那是另一回事(X)WWWWWWWWWW

另外我没有明白为什么说这是“法律边缘”?
美国的野生动物保护法我记得细节都是相当明确的啊?什么地方有狩猎季、什么时候是狩猎季、狩猎季可以猎杀什么东西,甚至有些地方狩猎季每一个物种的猎杀配额都是清清楚楚的
包括中国的野生动物保护法也是有类似的判定方式,越濒危的动物,构成重大犯罪的数额阈值就越小,类似于一级保护是一只即犯罪、三有保护则是二十只
所以既然没有违反法律、这也不属于“灰色地带”,这个猎人到底是在什么地方装乖了?WWWWWWWWWWWW
难道吸烟的人在禁烟区里憋着,到了户外或者吸烟室里吸个爽也是装乖吗?
或者一个钓鱼爱好者看到禁渔的牌子就走开,到了垂钓区再开始钓鱼也是装乖吗?
更甚至一个普通人到了绿绿的饭馆就不喝酒不吃猪肉,去了其他的馆子就不忌口了也是装乖吗?
这叫遵纪守法才对吧?WWWWWWWWWWW

而如果狼并没有真的达到“一定规模”就被踢出了保育名单和禁猎名单,这是川普的作死和误判,那么这个锅也属于美国政府自己决策失误、而不是猎人,不过这是题外了
因此当民间组织想要保护狼的时候,入手点往往都是直接上书(?)要求修改法律,让狼重新回到保育名单之类WWWWWWWWWWW


【发帖际遇】羽·凌风 正在兽王森林散步,刚好看见小雪狼忆雪·雪漫,因为小家伙实在太萌了所以一整天神清气爽,获得 20探险经验 。

际遇事件仅作娱乐,正式设定请见【DL故事集】
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我觉得他装乖的原因在于他仅仅是服从政策和法律,实际上这个人并没有理解狼为甚么会被重新引回黄石,换言之他没有从整个生态系去考虑政策的想法,也就是本质上他并未接受,只是服从,就像老师说不能打架就不打架的小孩,并未真正理解不能打架是为了保护学生安全,他只是片面上的服从规定。并且我从内文中感觉,作者对他的行为描述很像是为了復仇而打死这隻狼,他在找机会,找寻可以合法地杀死他敌人的方法,而且他接受访问很有可能是为了宣扬"我们这裡的人都仇恨狼,我是我们这裡的人的代表",他站出来想表达他们这群人的看法,想把自己讨厌狼的理念打高亮。

很像只为了把I’m against wolves, I want to make sure that’s clear.这件事告诉全美国,而用宣告的模式去捕猎和受访。我不觉得他真正理解了麋鹿隻数下降不一定是坏事,这是建立在我认为把狼引回黄群是一个网定生态系的正确作法的立场上,不理解这个立场的猎人就算他有表达的权力,我也无法认同他的立场是正确的。

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野放和重引入并不是一个那么简单的、用“正确”就可以解释的事啊……

例如重引入需要考虑到当地的环境承载量是否还能满足掠食者的需求,否则野放动物很容易危害附近的民众;
例如重引入需要考虑猎物的易取得性、种类以及种群数量,否则野放的掠食者把猎物搞濒危了岂不是得不偿失;
例如重引入需要考虑掠食者的活动性和适应性,否则掠食者自身完全有可能成为一个入侵物种、当地一害;
例如重引入需要当地居民的充分理解和积极配合、以及国家制定相应的补偿措施,否则后续的野生动物危害和保育之间的冲突难以平衡。
而以上这些都存在重引入不成功的例子

作为全球历史上相当早的一次重引入操作,黄石的狼野放你可以说对于生态恢复上很成功
但是黄石野放的公众参与做得那是相当的……嗯,一言难尽,从这个新闻就可以看出来

最后,虽然同时有消息表明黄石的狼野放并没有它看起来那么成功或者说意义重大:
https://www.guokr.com/article/438116/
https://www.guokr.com/article/439072/
http://www.tanews.org.tw/info/11604
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于是乎我长年属于被蒙蔽的状态下WWWWWWWW
我一直都误以为那是一次非常有效的操作。

然而这无法让我放弃那个猎人是以报復的心态狩猎并且是以想宣扬灭狼主义为理由受访的想法WWWW
说真的我看完报导之后我并无法对他产生像杀死塞西尔的医生全程合法的那种体谅,我还是觉得有些可恶WWWW

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回复 3# 羽·凌风

以前看熊闯入小镇被运走就会加一个显眼靓丽的耳标以判断这家伙是不是惯犯,加个耳标又明显又好宣传,应该也不会太影响动物的生活

我看到了什么?!你想要给我戴耳环!!!WWWWWWWWWW
还是先麻醉以后强行戴上!好羞耻PLAY啊有点刺激!害怕&期待WWWWWWWWWW

啊,关于你们的争论........
我的看法是 ..... 我觉得法律这种事,有些确实背后是基于法理,基于某种道义考虑的,但并非总是如此~
还有些法律,纯粹就只是出于功利考虑罢了....... 而动保相关法案,多数应该属于这一类吧?
而这一类法律,因其本身仅仅只是手段,不是目的~
所以,做到对条令严格遵守就已经很足够了,至于其背后的精神似乎并不需要去认同~
毕竟.......很多时候这类法律背后就根本没有什么精神,比如打狼吧,不让打只是因为一定数量的狼对当地生态有帮助,而非打狼本身是一件法律、道义所反对的事~
因而,猎人这边呢,在遵守了规定的前提下,无论是出于喜欢狼,或是厌憎狼而去打,其实似乎都不为过吧,也无可厚非,顶多只是感觉思维方式比较红脖罢了WWWWWWWWWWW
穿过县界长长的隧道便是雪国。

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耳标真的是个好东西!想想耳标可以帮助农场主管理那么多牛羊!(X)
狼的耳朵毛比熊和牛羊要厚一些,但是冬天应该也不会挡住耳标吧WWWWWW
以前看一个欧洲还是加拿大的狼研究,就会给研究个体打上耳标,看起来就很明显了
但是黄石这个确实,文献上面也没有说他们会上耳标或者做其他标记,就只是戴个项圈
川普的解禁令来的太突然(X)WWWWWWW
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你他妈的我发现国家地理频道炒冷饭WWWWWWWWWWWW
这个事件我们2012年就关注过了!是同一隻狼唉!WWWWWW我们已经关注过牠了!!!

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怎么感觉事情瞬间就变成了……
猎人:马的,老子都打了多久了,现在还突然冒出来个记者把老子搞出来……马的,我就要说老子讨厌狼!
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
川普:怪我咯?

话说这个难道也是当年在若尔盖海尔瑟(?)他们很惋惜的那个事件?@大熊星座WWWWWWWWW


【发帖际遇】羽·凌风 去动物园打工,由于热心助人且爱护动物,深得大家喜爱,额外获得 54F卡币 。

际遇事件仅作娱乐,正式设定请见【DL故事集】
欢迎来到Dragicland,【总版规】请记得要看哦,还有这个也是好东西→如何回复?

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回复 12# 羽·凌风

是说,后来才发现,她好像不姓heather,而是姓hensonWWWWWWWWWWW
芝麻街家族的家姓!WWWWWWWWWWW
还是说heather是她的名字?我已经完全混乱了WWWWWWWWW
用这个名字我搜到了:http://item.jd.com/19006222.html
很像,不知道是不是她WWWWWWWWWWWWW

我印象中隐约记得他们提到过黄石的狼..........但不确定是不是说的这个事件WWWWWWW
毕竟他们是14年来的,这个事件是12年的......讨论两年前的事件,好像也有点怪怪的WWWWWWWWWW
穿过县界长长的隧道便是雪国。

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回复 13# 大熊星座

所以她是 Heather Henson!
芝麻街……好像认识了一个很厉害的人(X)WWWWWWWWWWWWW

那个事件感觉还是蛮像的
因为那次也是在说“黄石公园里正在被科学家研究的野狼被猎杀了,大家感到很惋惜”
同类事件应该不会太多吧(不然这里的记者也不会那么有毅力花了那么多年找到了当初的猎人(X)WWWWWWWWW
被研究的狼遭到猎杀这种事情,说不定这几年就只有这么一只WWWWWWWWWWW


【发帖际遇】羽·凌风 去动物园打工,由于热心助人且爱护动物,深得大家喜爱,额外获得 32F卡币 。

际遇事件仅作娱乐,正式设定请见【DL故事集】
欢迎来到Dragicland,【总版规】请记得要看哦,还有这个也是好东西→如何回复?

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我感觉隔两年讨论两年前的哀伤事也是很有可能的,
像我们这裡也偶见那种讨论著好几年前有一对台湾蓝鹊因为在国小筑巢,被架摄影机观察,幼鸟被套脚环之后,亲鸟将四隻幼鸟都啄死排在摄影机附近的新闻,当时我看了还差点变成偏激的动保人士,
但后来有学者澄清说是因为摄影机的红外线光芒对亲鸟造成惊吓,导致亲鸟弃巢,而乌鹙趁机杀死了幼鸟来吃食所造成,并且乌鹙有把食物带到空旷处吃的习性,导致这种让人误会的情况发生,跟甚么亲鸟有灵性在对抗人类根本没有关联。

因此讨论两年前的死狼不让人意外啊,特别是这隻狼相当特别。
不仅是生涯,大小和参与的研究都挺特别的不是吗?也说不定就是被杀死的唯一一隻呢?

快把萌灿抱回家!
Don’t think, just do. For the heart is an organ of fire.

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